Interactive Video Editing using Machine Learning Techniques

Anchit Gupta

Abstract

There is no doubt that videos are today's most popular content consumption method. With the rise of the streaming giants such as YouTube, Netflix, etc., video content is accessible to more people. Naturally, video content creation has also increased to cater to the rising demand. In order to reach out to a wider audience, the creators dub their content. An important aspect of dubbing is not only changing the speech but also lip synchronizing the speaker in the video. Talking-face video generation works have achieved state-of-the-art results in synthesizing videos with accurate lip synchronization. However, most of the previous works deal with low-resolution talking-face videos (up to 256 × 256 pixels), thus, generating extremely high-resolution videos still remains a challenge. Also, with advancements in internet and camera tech more and more number of people are able to create video content and that too in ultra high resolution such as 4K (3840 × 2160). In this thesis, we take a giant leap and propose a novel method to synthesize talking-face videos at resolutions as high as 4K! Our task presents several key challenges: (i) Scaling the existing methods to such high resolutions is resource-constrained, both in terms of compute and the availability of very high-resolution datasets, (ii) The synthesized videos need to be spatially and temporally coherent. The sheer number of pixels that the model needs to generate while maintaining the temporal consistency at the video level makes this task non-trivial and has never been attempted in literature. We propose to train the lip-sync generator in a compact Vector Quantized (VQ) space for the first time to address these issues. Our core idea to encode the faces in a compact 16 × 16 representation allows us to model high-resolution videos. In our framework, we learn the lip movements in the quantized space on the newly collected 4K Talking Faces (4KTF) dataset. Our approach is speaker agnostic and can handle various languages and voices. We benchmark our technique against several competitive works and show that we can achieve a remarkable 64-times more pixels than the current state-of-the-art! Now, how to edit videos using the above algorithm or any other deep learning algorithm? To do so, the person has to download the source code of the required method and run the code manually. How amazing would it be if people could use the deep learning techniques in video editors with a click of a single button? In this thesis, we also propose a video editor based on OpenShot with several state-of-theart facial video editing algorithms as added functionalities. Our editor provides an easy-to-use interface to apply modern lip-syncing algorithms interactively. Apart from lip-syncing, the editor also uses audio and facial re-enactment to generate expressive talking faces. The manual control improves the overall experience of video editing without missing out on the benefits of modern synthetic video generation algorithms. This control enables us to lip-sync complex dubbed movie scenes, interviews, television shows, and other visual content. Furthermore, our editor provides features that automatically translate lectures from spoken content, lip-sync of the professor, and background content like slides. While doing so, we also tackle the critical aspect of synchronizing background content with the translated speech. We qualitatively evaluate the usefulness of the proposed editor by conducting human evaluations. Our evaluations show a clear improvement in the efficiency of using human editors and an improved video generation quality

Year of completion:  November 2022
 Advisor : C V Jawahar,Vinay P Namboodiri

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    Refining 3D Human Digitization Using Learnable Priors

    Routhu Snehith Goud

    Abstract

    The 3D reconstruction of a human from a monocular RGB image is an interesting yet very challenging research problem in the field of computer vision. It has various applications in the movie industry, the gaming industry, and AR/VR applications. Hence it is important to recover detailed geometric 3D reconstruction of humans in order to enhance the realism. The problem is ill-posed in nature owing to high freedom of human pose, self-occlusions, loose clothing, camera viewpoint, and illumination. Though it is possible to generate accurate geometric reconstructions using structured light scanners or multi-view cameras these are cost expensive and require a specific setup e.g., numerous cameras, controlled illumination, etc. With the current advancement of deep learning techniques, the focus of the community shifted to the 3D reconstruction of people from monocular RGB images. The goal of the thesis is toward 3D Human Digitization of people in loose clothing with accurate person-specific details. The problem of reconstruction of people in loose clothing is difficult as the topology of clothing is different from the human body. A multi-layered shape representation called PeeledHuman was able to deal with loose clothing and occlusions but it suffered from discontinuity or distorted body parts in the occluded regions. To overcome this we propose peeled semantic segmentation maps which provide the semantic information of the body parts across multiple peeled layers. These Peeled semantic maps help the network in predicting consistent depth for the pixels belonging to the same body part across different peeled maps. Our proposed Peeled Segmentation maps help in improving reconstruction both quantitatively and qualitatively. Additionally, the 3D semantic segmentation labels have various applications, for example, can be used to extract the clothing from the reconstructed output. The face plays an important role in 3D Human digitization, it gives a person their identity and the realism enhances with high-frequency facial details. However, the face appears in a smaller region of the image which captures the complete body and makes the task of high-fidelity face reconstruction along with the body even more challenging. We reconstruct person-specific facial geometry along with the complete body by incorporating a facial prior and refining it further using our proposed framework. Another common challenge faced by the existing methods is the surface noise i.e, false geometric edges generated because of the textural edges present in the image space. We address this problem by incorporating a wrinkle map prior that distinguishes the geometrical from the textural edges coming from image space. In summary, in this thesis, we address the problem of 3D human digitization from monocular images. We evaluate our proposed solution on various existing 3D human datasets and demonstrate that our proposed solutions outperform the existing state-of-the-art methods. The limitations present in the proposed methods were mentioned and potential solutions on how to address them have been briefly discussed. In the end, some future directions that can be potentially explored based on the proposed solutions have been discussed. Finally, we proposed efficient and robust methods to recover accurate and personalized 3D humans from images.

    Year of completion:  December 2022
     Advisor : Avinash Sharma

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      Deep Neural Models for Generalized Synthesis of Multi-Person Actions

      Debtanu Gupta

      Abstract

      The ability to synthesize novel and diverse human motion at scale is indispensable not only to the umbrella field of computer vision but in multitudes of allied fields such as animation, human computer interaction, robotics and human robot interaction. Over the years, various approaches have been proposed including physics-based simulation, key-framing, database methods, etc. But ever since the renaissance of deep learning and the rapid development of computing, the generation of synthetic human motion using deep learning based methods have received significant attention. Apart from pixel-based video data, the availability of reliable motion capture systems has enabled pose-based human action synthesis. Much of it is owed to the development of frugal motion capture systems, which enabled the curation of large scale skeleton action datasets. In this thesis, we focus on skeleton-based human action generation. To begin with, we study an approach for large-scale skeleton-based action generation. In doing so, we introduce MUGL, a novel deep neural model for large-scale, diverse generation of single and multiperson pose-based action sequences with locomotion. Our controllable approach enables variable-length generations customizable by action category, across more than 100 categories. To enable intra/intercategory diversity, we model the latent generative space using a Conditional Gaussian Mixture Variational Autoencoder. To enable realistic generation of actions involving locomotion, we decouple local pose and global trajectory components of the action sequence. We incorporate duration-aware feature representations to enable variable-length sequence generation. We use a hybrid pose sequence representation with 3D pose sequences sourced from videos and 3D Kinect-based sequences of NTU-RGBD120. To enable principled comparison of generation quality, we employ suitably modified strong baselines during evaluation. Although smaller and simpler compared to baselines, MUGL provides better quality generations, paving the way for practical and controllable large-scale human action generation. Further, we study the approaches for methods that are generalizable across datasets with varying properties and we also study methods for dense skeleton action generation. In this backdrop, we introduce DSAG, a controllable deep neural framework for action-conditioned generation of full body multi-actor variable duration actions. To compensate for incompletely detailed finger joints in existing large-scale datasets, we introduce full body dataset variants with detailed finger joints. To overcome shortcomings in existing generative approaches, we introduce dedicated representations for encoding finger joints. We also introduce novel spatiotemporal transformation blocks with multi-head self attention and specialized temporal processing. The design choices enable generations for a large range in body joint counts (24 - 52), frame rates (13 - 50), global body movement (in-place, locomotion) and action categories (12 - 120), across multiple datasets (NTU-120, HumanAct12, UESTC, Human3.6M). Our experimental results demonstrate DSAG’s significant improvements over state-of-the-art, its suitability for action-conditioned generation at scale and also for the challenging task of long-term motion prediction.

      Year of completion:  December 2022
       Advisor : Ravi Kiran Sarvadevabhatla

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        Visual Grounding for Multi-modal Applications

        Kanishk Jain

        Abstract

        The task of Visual Grounding is at the intersection of computer vision and natural language processing tasks. The Visual Grounding (VG) task requires spatially localizing an entity in a visual scene based on its linguistic description. The capability to ground language in the visual domain is of significant importance for many real-world applications, especially for human-machine interaction. One such application is language-guided navigation, where the navigation of autonomous vehicles is modulated using a linguistic command. The VG task is intimately linked with the task of vision-language navigation (VLN), as both the tasks require reasoning about the linguistic command and the visual scene simultaneously. Existing approaches to VG can be divided into two categories based on the type of localization performed: (1) bounding-box/proposal-based localization and (2) pixel-level localization. This work focuses on pixel-level localization, where the segmentation mask corresponding to the entity/region referred to by the linguistic expression is predicted. The research in this thesis focuses on a novel modeling strategy for visual and linguistic modalities for the VG task, followed by the first-ever visual grounding based approach to the VLN task. We first present a novel architecture for the task of pixel-level localization, also known as Referring Image Segmentation (RIS). The architecture is based on the hypothesis that both intra-modal (wordword and pixel-pixel) and inter-modal (word-pixel) interactions are required to identify the referred entity successfully. Existing methods are limited because they either compute different forms of interactions sequentially (leading to error propagation) or ignore intra-modal interactions. We address this limitation by performing all three interactions synchronously in a single step. We validate our hypothesis empirically against existing methods and achieve State-Of-the-Art results on RIS benchmarks. Finally, we propose the novel task of Referring Navigable Regions (RNR), i.e., grounding regions of interest for navigation based on the linguistic command. RNR is different from RIS, which focuses on grounding an object referred to by the natural language expression instead of grounding a navigable region. We additionally introduce a new dataset, Talk2Car-RegSeg, which extends the existing Talk2car dataset with segmentation masks for the regions described by the linguistic commands. We present extensive ablations and show superior performance over baselines on multiple evaluation metrics. A downstream path planner generating trajectories based on RNR outputs confirms the efficacy of the proposed framework.

        Year of completion:  December 2022
         Advisor : Vineet Gandhi

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          I-Do, You-Learn: Techniques for Unsupervised Procedure Learning using Egocentric Videos

          Siddhant Bansal

          Abstract

          Consider an autonomous agent capable of observing multiple humans making a pizza and making one the next time! Motivated to contribute towards creating systems capable of understanding and reasoning instructions at the human level, in this thesis, we tackle procedure learning. Procedure learning involves identifying the key-steps and determining their logical order to perform a task. The first portion of this thesis focuses on the datasets curated for procedure learning. Existing datasets commonly consist of third-person videos for learning the procedure, making the manipulated object small in appearance and often occluded by the actor, leading to significant errors. In contrast, we observe that videos obtained from first-person (egocentric) wearable cameras provide an unobstructed and clear view of the action. To this end, for studying procedure learning from egocentric videos, we propose the EgoProceL dataset. However, procedure learning from egocentric videos is challenging because the camera view undergoes extreme changes due to the wearer’s head motion and introduces unrelated frames. Due to this, current state-of-the-art methods’ assumptions that the actions occur at approximately the same time and are of the same duration do not hold. Instead, we propose to use the signal provided by the temporal correspondences between key-steps across videos. To this end, we present a novel self-supervised Correspond and Cut (CnC) framework that identifies and utilizes the temporal correspondences between the key-steps across multiple videos to learn the procedure. We perform experiments on the benchmark ProceL and CrossTask datasets and achieve state-of-the-art results. In the second portion of the thesis, we look at various approaches to generate the signal for learning the embedding space. Existing approaches use only one or a couple of videos for this purpose. However, we argue that it makes key-steps discovery challenging as the algorithms lack an inter-videos perspective. To this end, we propose an unsupervised Graph-based Procedure Learning (GPL) framework. GPL consists of the novel UnityGraph that represents all the videos of a task as a graph to obtain both intra-video and inter-videos context. Further, to obtain similar embeddings for the same key-steps, the embeddings of UnityGraph are updated in an unsupervised manner using the Node2Vec algorithm. Finally, to identify the key-steps, we cluster the embeddings using KMeans. We test GPL on benchmark ProceL, CrossTask, and EgoProceL datasets and achieve an average improvement of 2% on third-person datasets and 3.6% on EgoProceL over the state-of-the-art. We hope this work motivates future research on procedure learning from egocentric videos. Furthermore, the unsupervised approaches proposed in the thesis will help create scalable systems and drive future research toward creative solutions

          Year of completion:  February 2023
           Advisor : C V Jawahar, Chetan Arora

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